Competition

Network industries follow competitive dynamics that diverge sharply from traditional markets:

Direct and indirect network effects magnify concentration risks and reward vertical integration.

High sunk fixed costs and ultra-low marginal costs make margin-squeeze and predatory-pricing tests decisive.

Essential facilities & mandatory access blur the boundary between ex-ante regulation and ex-post antitrust enforcement.

Multisided markets and freemium models demand pricing analyses that span user groups and cross-subsidies.

Interoperability and standards battles shift competition from price alone to technology, timing, and ecosystem control.

Our multidisciplinary teams, engineers, economists, and lawyers ensure all models are user friendly, fully documented, and auditable, facilitating regulatory credibility and long-term use. Our models and advisory services have been adopted in most of the countries in the MENA region.